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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
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MicroRNA: key gene expression regulators.

Juan Manuel Moreno-Moya1, Felipe Vilella1, Carlos Simón2

  • 1Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI) and Instituto Universitario IVI/INCLIVA, Valencia University, Spain.

Fertility and Sterility
|December 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression and crucial for development. Found in biofluids, they show potential as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Gene expression regulatorsRNAmiRNAmicroRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules involved in epigenetic gene regulation.
  • They play critical roles in cellular processes like differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, impacting development and reproduction.
  • Mature miRNAs function by binding to mRNA targets, leading to gene silencing via degradation or translational inhibition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biogenesis, function, detection, and emerging roles of microRNAs.
  • To highlight the significance of miRNAs in human reproduction and development.
  • To explore the potential of cell-free miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on miRNA biogenesis and function.
  • Discussion of established and novel detection techniques (e.g., qPCR, microarrays, deep sequencing, Nanostring nCounter).
  • Analysis of findings regarding miRNA presence in biological fluids and their protective mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs are essential regulators of gene expression, vital for embryonic and tissue development.
  • Detection methods for miRNAs are advancing, but functional characterization remains crucial.
  • Extracellular miRNAs, protected from degradation, are found in biofluids and may mediate intercellular communication.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are fundamental regulators of biological processes with significant implications for human reproduction.
  • Extracellular miRNAs represent promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the functional roles and clinical applications of miRNAs.