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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
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Epigenetic considerations in medicine.

Dianne M Walters1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, 6N-98, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA. waltersd@ecu.edu.

North Carolina Medical Journal
|December 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic modifications are heritable gene changes that help organisms adapt to their environment. These crucial regulatory mechanisms are sensitive to environmental factors, especially during development, and have potential medical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Epigenetic modifications represent a key layer of gene regulation.
  • These changes influence how DNA sequence information is interpreted and utilized.
  • Environmental factors significantly impact epigenetic programming, particularly during development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the role of epigenetic modifications in environmental adaptation.
  • To explain the heritable nature of these epigenetic changes.
  • To discuss the implications of recent epigenetic research for medical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating environmental sensitivity of epigenetics.
  • Exploration of the developmental impact on epigenetic stability.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic modifications provide a mechanism for rapid adaptation.
  • These changes are mitotically stable and meiotically heritable.
  • Environmental exposures during development can alter epigenetic patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetics is essential for understanding gene regulation and adaptation.
  • Developmental epigenetics is a critical area of study.
  • Emerging research suggests significant potential for epigenetic insights in medicine.