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Related Concept Videos

Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

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Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview01:28

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The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic...
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Psychodynamic Therapy01:29

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Psychodynamic therapies emphasize the exploration of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences as fundamental contributors to psychological difficulties. These therapies, deeply rooted in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, aim to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts, granting individuals insights that promote emotional and behavioral healing. Contemporary psychodynamic approaches have evolved, integrating a broader range of influences and methodologies while still valuing the...
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
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Revitalizing psychiatric therapeutics.

Steven E Hyman1

  • 1Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|December 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The pharmaceutical industry faces challenges in developing new neuropsychiatric disorder treatments due to target scarcity and inadequate models. Novel technologies offer hope for revitalizing drug discovery and development in this critical area.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Neuropsychiatric disorders have high prevalence and significant unmet medical needs.
  • The pharmaceutical industry has reduced investment in neuropsychiatric drug development, citing difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify major obstacles in neuropsychiatric drug discovery and development.
  • To highlight promising new technologies and scientific approaches for revitalizing therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current challenges in drug discovery for neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • Exploration of emerging technologies and scientific strategies.

Main Results:

  • Key obstacles include a lack of novel molecular targets, inadequate animal models, and insufficient biomarkers for clinical trials.
  • New technologies and scientific approaches show promise for overcoming these hurdles.

Conclusions:

  • Despite significant challenges, advancements in technology and scientific understanding offer a path forward for developing effective neuropsychiatric therapeutics.
  • Revitalizing investment in neuropsychiatric drug discovery is crucial to address the unmet medical needs.