Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review

Area of Science:

• Forensic Chemistry
• Pharmacology
• Public Health

Background:

• Khat (Catha edulis) has deep cultural roots in Saudi Arabia and East Africa.
• Cathinone, the active compound in khat, exhibits amphetamine-like properties.
• Synthetic cathinone derivatives were developed for therapy but are now widely abused.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the historical background, prevalence, and usage patterns of khat and synthetic cathinones.
• To analyze the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of these substances.
• To assess the physiological and toxicological effects and public health implications.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of scientific data on khat and synthetic cathinones.
• Analysis of chemical structures and pharmacological properties.
• Examination of reported cases of intoxication and public health impact.

Main Results:

• Synthetic cathinones emerged as "legal highs" in the mid-2000s, often sold as "bath salts."
• These substances are structurally related to amphetamines, causing central nervous system stimulation.
• Despite legislative efforts, modified analogs continually enter the market, complicating control.

Conclusions:

• Synthetic cathinones are increasingly misused globally, posing significant public health challenges.
• Their availability as affordable "legal highs" and the constant emergence of new analogs hinder control efforts.
• Further research into their pharmacology and toxicology is crucial to understand and mitigate their harm.