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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Luminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy, is a process that involves the interaction of molecules with light. The energy-level diagram, or Jablonski diagram, is a graphical representation of these interactions, illustrating the various states and transitions a molecule can undergo. In a typical Jablonski diagram, the lowest horizontal line represents the ground-state energy of the molecule, which is usually a singlet state. This state represents the energies...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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Electronic transitions of palladium dimer.

Yue Qian1, Y W Ng, Zhihua Chen

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|December 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers observed and analyzed the laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of palladium dimer (Pd2) in the visible region. This study provides the first gas-phase experimental data on Pd2 electronic transitions.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Palladium dimer (Pd2) is a molecule with potential applications in catalysis and materials science.
  • Understanding the electronic structure and transitions of Pd2 is crucial for exploring its properties.
  • Previous studies on Pd2 electronic transitions were limited, necessitating further experimental investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the electronic transitions of gas-phase palladium dimer (Pd2).
  • To analyze the laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of Pd2 in the visible region.
  • To determine key molecular parameters of the ground electronic state of Pd2.

Main Methods:

  • Gas-phase palladium dimer (Pd2) was generated using laser ablation of a palladium metal rod.

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  • Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy was employed to observe the spectrum in the visible region (480–700 nm).
  • Observed vibrational bands were assigned to specific electronic transition systems.

    • Main Results:

    • Eleven vibrational bands were observed and assigned to the [17.1](3)Πg-X(3)Σu(+) transition system.
    • The bond length (ro) of the ground X(3)Σu(+) state was determined to be 2.47(4) Å.
    • The vibrational frequency (ΔG1∕2) of the ground X(3)Σu(+) state was determined to be 211.4(5) cm(-1).

    Conclusions:

    • This work represents the first gas-phase experimental investigation of the electronic transitions of palladium dimer (Pd2).
    • The determined molecular parameters provide valuable data for theoretical modeling and understanding of Pd2.
    • The study enhances the understanding of the electronic structure and properties of diatomic palladium.