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Invasive Centaurea diffusa plants show enhanced growth and delayed maturity compared to native populations, potentially due to release from abiotic stress trade-offs. This adaptation aids their invasion success.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Sciences

Background:

  • Invasive species success is often linked to trade-offs between performance and stress tolerance.
  • Understanding phenotypic differentiation between native and invasive populations is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if invasive Centaurea diffusa populations exhibit different performance and life history phenotypes compared to native populations.
  • To determine if trade-offs between growth and stress tolerance exist and if their release contributes to invasion success.

Main Methods:

  • Wild-collected Centaurea diffusa seeds were grown under benign and stressful conditions (drought, flooding, nutrient stress, simulated herbivory).
  • A second experiment controlled for maternal environment effects using glasshouse-grown seeds.
  • Phenotypic traits related to performance, life history, and stress tolerance were evaluated across native and invasive ranges.

Main Results:

  • Invasive Centaurea diffusa individuals generally exhibited larger size, better performance, and later maturation than native individuals.
  • No trade-off between performance and herbivore defense was observed in invasive populations.
  • Evidence suggests invasive populations may be released from a growth-drought tolerance trade-off present in the native range.

Conclusions:

  • Release from abiotic stress tolerance trade-offs may be a key factor in the invasion success of Centaurea diffusa.
  • Evolved traits in invasive populations include larger size, delayed maturity, and greater reproductive potential.
  • Phenotypic differentiation is consistent across broad sampling and accounts for latitude and maternal effects.