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Related Concept Videos

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

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Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
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Related Experiment Video

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Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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Giant electro-optic effect in nanodisordered KTN crystals.

Yun-Ching Chang, Chao Wang, Shizhuo Yin

    Optics Letters
    |December 11, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Faster cooling rates enhance the electro-optic (EO) effect in nanodisordered potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystals. This improvement in EO coefficient is crucial for advanced optical applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Solid State Physics

    Background:

    • The electro-optic (EO) effect is crucial for modulating light with electric fields.
    • Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystals exhibit significant EO properties.
    • Nanodisordering influences the EO behavior of KTN crystals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantitatively investigate the electro-optic (EO) effect in nanodisordered KTN crystals.
    • To determine the impact of cooling temperature and cooling rate on the EO coefficient.
    • To optimize KTN crystal properties for enhanced EO performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Quantitative investigation of the EO effect in nanodisordered KTN.
    • Controlled variation of cooling temperature and cooling rate during crystal processing.

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  • Measurement of the Kerr EO coefficient (s(11) - s(12)).

    • Main Results:

    • The EO coefficient of nanodisordered KTN is dependent on both cooling temperature and cooling rate.
    • Faster cooling rates lead to a larger EO coefficient.
    • A Kerr EO coefficient of 6.94 × 10(-14) m(2)/V(2) was achieved at a cooling rate of 0.45 °C/s.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimizing the cooling rate during KTN crystal fabrication significantly enhances the EO effect.
    • The findings are highly beneficial for developing high-performance optical devices.
    • Applications include laser Q switches, pulse shaping, optical shutters, and modulating retroreflectors.