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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Fatty acids and epigenetics.

Graham C Burdge1, Karen A Lillycrop

  • 1aAcademic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine bCentre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|December 11, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated types, can alter the epigenome, influencing gene function and metabolism. Further research is needed to confirm these effects on epigenetic modifications and fatty acid metabolism.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Epigenetics
  • Molecular Nutrition
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Dietary fatty acids play crucial roles in cellular processes.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression without altering DNA sequence.
  • Understanding the interplay between fatty acids and epigenetics is vital for metabolic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on how fatty acids affect epigenetic processes.
  • To explore the role of epigenetics in regulating fatty acid metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies in rodents (mice and rats).
  • Analysis of human observational data (pregnant women and young men).
  • Focus on DNA and histone methylation changes in response to dietary fatty acids.

Main Results:

  • Maternal diets rich in alpha-linolenic acid or high fat altered Fads2 promoter methylation in offspring.
  • High-fat diets induced histone methylation changes in placental and adipose tissues.
  • Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation showed minimal effects on global DNA methylation in human cord blood.
  • High-fat diets altered DNA methylation in skeletal muscle genes in young men.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging evidence suggests polyunsaturated fatty acids can modify the epigenome.
  • Further rigorous studies are required to link fatty acid-induced epigenetic changes to gene function and metabolism.