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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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The Proteasome01:13

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

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Autophagy and human diseases.

Peidu Jiang1, Noboru Mizushima1

  • 11] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.

Cell Research
|December 11, 2013
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Summary

Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, is linked to human diseases through ATG gene mutations. Recent findings connect autophagy gene dysfunction to neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Human Pathology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process for degrading cytoplasmic components via the lysosome.
  • Autophagy-related (Atg) genes have been extensively studied in knockout models to understand their physiological and pathological roles.
  • Direct links between ATG gene dysfunction and human diseases are a recent area of significant research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in identifying mutations and polymorphisms in ATG genes associated with human diseases.
  • To summarize current autophagy-modulating compounds undergoing clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies identifying ATG gene mutations in human diseases.
  • Compilation of data on current clinical trials for autophagy-modulating compounds.

Main Results:

  • Growing evidence links mutations in ATG genes to various human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, and cancers.
  • Several compounds that modulate autophagy are currently in clinical trials for therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • Dysfunction of ATG genes is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases.
  • Targeting autophagy pathways holds therapeutic potential, with several modulators under clinical investigation.