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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Updated: May 5, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms.

Anne Lethaby1, Jane Marjoribanks, Fredi Kronenberg

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand, 1142.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|December 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Phytoestrogen supplements show no conclusive evidence for reducing menopausal vasomotor symptoms like hot flushes. Further research into genistein concentrates is recommended for potential benefits in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

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Area of Science:

  • Menopause Research
  • Phytochemistry
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes, night sweats) are common during menopause.
  • Hormone therapy is effective but carries risks, increasing interest in alternatives.
  • Phytoestrogens, plant compounds with estrogenic action, are popular alternatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of phytoestrogen-rich foods, extracts, and supplements.
  • To compare these interventions against no treatment, placebo, or hormone therapy.
  • To assess their impact on vasomotor symptoms in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 43 randomized controlled trials (4,364 participants).
  • Searches included multiple databases up to July 2013; grey literature and reference lists were also checked.
  • Studies were grouped by phytoestrogen type (soy, red clover, genistein); meta-analysis was performed where possible.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in hot flush frequency between red clover extract (Promensil) and placebo.
  • Four trials suggested genistein extracts (>30 mg/d) consistently reduced hot flush frequency.
  • Many trials were small, at high risk of bias, and showed a strong placebo effect; no adverse effects were noted.

Conclusions:

  • No conclusive evidence supports phytoestrogen supplements for reducing menopausal vasomotor symptoms.
  • Further investigation into genistein concentrates is warranted for potential therapeutic benefits.
  • Phytoestrogens were not associated with adverse endometrial or vaginal effects up to two years.