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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
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Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation01:31

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In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
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During a respiratory assessment, palpation can reveal several vital abnormalities:
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Pyloric Obstruction01:11

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Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Trachea01:22

Trachea

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The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Awake Nasotracheal Intubation with Flexible Video Rhino-Laryngoscopes
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Stridor in an 11-year-old child.

Deepu Abraham1, Rajesh Karuvattil, Maggie Fitzpatrick

  • 1Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.

BMJ Case Reports
|December 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Stridor in an 11-year-old girl was caused by hypocalcaemia, revealing undiagnosed chronic kidney disease. This case highlights the need for broader stridor diagnostics in children with atypical presentations.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Nephrology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

  • Stridor in children typically suggests infectious causes like croup, but can stem from diverse etiologies including systemic conditions.
  • Hypocalcaemia is a rare but serious cause of stridor, particularly in older children presenting atypically.

Observation:

  • An 11-year-old previously asymptomatic girl presented with acute stridor.
  • Initial assessment revealed severe hypocalcaemia as the cause of stridor.

Findings:

  • Further investigations for hypocalcaemia identified previously undiagnosed chronic renal failure.
  • The chronic renal failure was suspected to be secondary to nephronophthisis, a rare autosomal recessive kidney disease.

Implications:

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  • This case underscores the importance of considering systemic conditions, such as hypocalcaemia and chronic renal failure, in the differential diagnosis of stridor in children.
  • Expanding diagnostic considerations beyond common infections is crucial for children with atypical stridor presentations, especially in older age groups or with unusual histories.