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Invasive plants like Chromolaena odorata evolve greater resistance to generalist herbivores and tolerance to damage in new ranges. These enhanced defenses, with low fitness costs, facilitate invasion success.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Sciences

Background:

  • Invasive plants often face different herbivore pressures in introduced ranges compared to their native habitats.
  • While specialist herbivores are typically absent, invasive plants may encounter novel generalist herbivores, potentially driving evolutionary changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether invasive populations of Chromolaena odorata exhibit evolved increases in resistance to generalist herbivores and tolerance to damage.
  • To determine the physiological and morphological traits associated with these defenses and assess their fitness costs.

Main Methods:

  • A common garden experiment was conducted comparing invasive and native populations of Chromolaena odorata.
  • Molecular methods identified putative source populations, and binary choice feeding trials used three generalist herbivores.
  • Simulated herbivory (shoot removal) assessed plant tolerance to damage.

Main Results:

  • Invasive C. odorata populations demonstrated significantly higher resistance to generalist herbivores and greater tolerance to simulated herbivory than native populations.
  • Increased resistance was linked to higher leaf carbon content, greater trichome and glandular scale density, and lower leaf nitrogen and water content.
  • Tolerance to herbivory incurred growth costs, but these costs were lower in invasive populations.

Conclusions:

  • Invasive plants, such as C. odorata, can evolve enhanced resistance and tolerance to generalist herbivores in introduced ranges.
  • These evolved defenses, particularly when associated with low fitness costs, can reduce herbivore impact and promote compensatory growth, facilitating invasion.
  • The study highlights the role of adaptive evolution in the success of invasive plant species.