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Related Concept Videos

Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

4.9K
Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Overview
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Lethal Alleles02:41

Lethal Alleles

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Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cuénot discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is responsible for the color of the coat in mice. This gene codes for an agouti-signaling protein, which is responsible for melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele gives rise to gray-brown coat color in mice, while the mutant allele gives rise to yellow coat color. In addition to coat color, the agouti gene is associated with the yellow...
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X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput
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Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput

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Albinism in barley androgenesis.

Katarzyna Makowska1, Sylwia Oleszczuk

  • 1Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870, Blonie, Poland, k.makowska@ihar.edu.pl.

Plant Cell Reports
|December 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Androgenesis, a plant breeding technique, faces efficiency challenges due to albinism. This review examines albinism in barley anther and microspore cultures, focusing on plastid development and factors influencing green plant regeneration.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Androgenesis is a valuable tool in plant breeding and biological research, offering accelerated breeding cycles.
  • Despite its utility, the efficiency of androgenesis is hindered by several poorly understood processes.
  • Albinism, characterized by a lack of chlorophyll, is a major impediment to successful androgenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the phenomenon of albinism in barley anther and microspore cultures.
  • To investigate the role of plastids in androgenesis and their contribution to green versus albino plant ratios.
  • To summarize external factors that can mitigate albinism during androgenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on barley androgenesis and albinism.

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  • Analysis of research on plastid development and gene expression in androgenic cultures.
  • Synthesis of findings on environmental and chemical factors influencing androgenesis efficiency.

    • Main Results:

    • Albinism in barley androgenesis is linked to plastid abnormalities and specific gene activities.
    • The fate of plastids during microspore development is crucial for determining plant color.
    • Several external factors, such as temperature and culture media composition, can reduce albinism incidence.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding plastid dynamics and genetic factors is key to improving barley androgenesis.
    • Optimizing culture conditions can significantly enhance the efficiency of regenerating green plants via androgenesis.
    • Further research into the molecular mechanisms of albinism is necessary for broader application of androgenesis.