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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells
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Aggregation of insulin at the interface.

Shanghao Li1, Roger M Leblanc

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Center, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin aggregation is a common problem in diabetes treatment. This study reviews how interfaces, especially the air-water interface, affect insulin aggregation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biopharmaceutical science
  • Physical chemistry
  • Diabetes research

Background:

  • Insulin is a critical peptide therapeutic for diabetes management, regulating metabolism.
  • Insulin aggregation poses significant challenges throughout its lifecycle, from production to in vivo use.
  • Interfaces and surfaces profoundly impact insulin's properties and behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding insulin aggregation at various interfaces.
  • To specifically highlight findings on insulin aggregation at the air-water interface.
  • To emphasize the importance of interface-driven aggregation in biopharmaceutical processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of insulin aggregation studies.
  • Focus on Langmuir monolayer technique for air-water interface analysis.
  • Investigation of insulin behavior at aqueous-solid, water-oil, and air-water interfaces.

Main Results:

  • Interfaces significantly influence insulin aggregation kinetics and pathways.
  • The air-water interface is a critical site for insulin aggregation.
  • Langmuir trough studies provide insights into molecular rearrangements at interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding interface-mediated insulin aggregation is crucial for improving diabetes therapies.
  • Controlling interfacial conditions can mitigate insulin aggregation.
  • Further research into interfacial phenomena is essential for biopharmaceutical development.