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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance,...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Wetting transition in water.

S R Friedman1, M Khalil1, P Taborek1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied water wetting on quartz, sapphire, and graphite. They found distinct wetting transition temperatures for each material, consistent with theoretical models.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the wetting behavior of liquids on solid surfaces is crucial in various scientific and industrial applications.
  • The liquid-vapor coexistence curve represents a critical region where phase transitions occur, influencing surface interactions.
  • Previous studies have explored water-substrate interactions, but precise wetting transition temperatures on specific materials require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the wetting behavior of water on graphite, sapphire, and quartz surfaces.
  • To determine the precise wetting transition temperatures for water on these substrates.
  • To compare experimental findings with theoretical predictions for water-substrate interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing optical imaging techniques to observe water droplet behavior on the specified substrates.
  • Monitoring the contact angle of water droplets along the liquid-vapor coexistence curve.
  • Identifying wetting transitions by the zero contact angle and the disappearance of dropwise condensation.

Main Results:

  • Consistent wetting transition temperatures were determined for water on quartz (185 °C), sapphire (234 °C), and graphite (271 °C).
  • The contact angle of water decreased to zero at these specific temperatures, indicating complete wetting.
  • The disappearance of dropwise condensation corroborated the observed wetting transition temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified and quantified the wetting transition temperatures for water on quartz, sapphire, and graphite.
  • Experimental results align well with theoretical predictions derived from a simplified model of water-substrate potential.
  • This research provides valuable data for understanding interfacial phenomena and designing materials with controlled wetting properties.