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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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Costs and benefits linked to developments in cognitive control.

Katharine A Blackwell1, Yuko Munakata

  • 1Department of Psychology, Salem College, USA.

Developmental Science
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Children

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive control, encompassing thoughts, emotions, and actions, is crucial for life outcomes.
  • Cognitive control develops from infancy, shifting from reactive to proactive strategies.
  • Proactive control involves anticipating and maintaining task-relevant information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential cognitive trade-offs associated with the development of proactive control in children.
  • To examine the benefits and costs of proactive versus reactive control during a developmental transition.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with children transitioning to proactive control.
  • The study assessed working memory performance and reaction times under distraction.

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Main Results:

  • Proactive control was linked to enhanced working memory capacity in children.
  • However, proactive control also resulted in slower responses under distracting conditions.
  • These findings indicate a trade-off between proactive control benefits and costs.

Conclusions:

  • Developing proactive cognitive control offers advantages in working memory but may incur costs in processing speed under distraction.
  • Both proactive and reactive control have distinct benefits and drawbacks.
  • Altering the balance between proactive and reactive control during development requires careful consideration.