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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Nonlinear hydrodynamic theory of crystallization.

Gyula I Tóth1, László Gránásy, György Tegze

  • 1Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.

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We developed a new theory for how crystals form in liquids, linking fluid dynamics with free energy. This model accurately describes crystal growth and interface dynamics without needing extra parameters.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Crystallization in molecular liquids is a complex process.
  • Existing theories like Ginzburg-Landau have limitations in describing dynamic responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new theoretical framework for isothermal fluctuating nonlinear hydrodynamics of crystallization.
  • To directly couple free energy functionals with fluid dynamics equations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dynamic coarse-graining technique to derive the velocity field.
  • Coupled classical density functional theory's free energy functional with the Navier-Stokes equation.
  • Employed the phase-field crystal model's free energy functional.

Main Results:

  • Derived parameter-free kinetic equations for dynamic response to elastic deformations.
  • Successfully recovered the classical spectrum for phonons and steady-state growth fronts.
  • Obtained capillary wave spectrum in qualitative agreement with molecular dynamics simulations.

Conclusions:

  • The presented theory provides a robust framework for studying crystallization dynamics.
  • The model accurately captures key physical phenomena at the crystal-liquid interface.
  • This approach offers a parameter-free description, enhancing predictive capabilities.