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Related Concept Videos

Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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States of Water01:23

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Seawater Sampling and Collection
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Improving water quality communications at beaches: input from stakeholders.

Preethi L Pratap1, Sarah Redman2, Michael C Fagen2

  • 1Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health, 2121 W Taylor, MC 922, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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Summary

Public awareness of beach water quality advisories is low. Effective communication requires current information from trusted sources, detailing health risks, especially when children are involved, to improve safety notifications.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Risk Communication

Background:

  • Recreational water quality criteria emphasize public notification during hazardous conditions.
  • Current water quality communication strategies lack stakeholder input on acceptable risk levels.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding public comprehension of water quality notifications and risk acceptability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess public understanding of surface water quality information.
  • To evaluate awareness and use of existing water quality data.
  • To determine acceptable risk levels for recreational water exposure.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods approach combining focus groups (FGs) and intercept interviews (INTs).
  • Qualitative data from 15 FGs explored understanding, awareness, and risk acceptability.
  • Quantitative data from 374 INTs at recreation sites provided statistical insights.

Main Results:

  • Beachgoers showed limited awareness of posted water quality information, including during advisories.
  • Effective communication requires current, trusted information detailing health consequences.
  • Mobile communication is a potentially useful channel for specific demographics.
  • Risk acceptability decreases with increased severity of health outcomes and when children are affected.

Conclusions:

  • Existing water quality communication methods need enhancement for greater effectiveness.
  • Notification programs require improvement to better inform the public.
  • Further research is needed to evaluate risk acceptability among US beachgoers.