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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Long non-coding RNAs and chromatin modifiers: their place in the epigenetic code.

Francesco P Marchese1, Maite Huarte1

  • 1Center for Applied Medical Research; University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain.

Epigenetics
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, often working with chromatin modifiers. This review explores how lncRNAs interact with epigenetic machinery and the genome's 3D structure to control gene activity.

Keywords:
chromatinepigeneticsgene expressionhistone modificationlong noncoding RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as crucial regulators in cellular networks.
  • Many lncRNAs interact with chromatin modifying enzymes to influence gene expression.
  • Understanding lncRNA mechanisms is vital for deciphering gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review proposed models of lncRNA-mediated gene expression regulation.
  • To discuss the role of lncRNAs, such as Xist and HOTAIR, in epigenetic control.
  • To explore the impact of genome 3D structure on lncRNA function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current knowledge on lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanistic models for lncRNA action.
  • Discussion of recent findings on lncRNA-epigenetic interactions.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs play significant roles in epigenetic activation and silencing of genes.
  • Specific lncRNAs like Xist and HOTAIR exemplify regulatory functions.
  • The three-dimensional genome structure is integral to lncRNA mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are central players in gene expression regulation via epigenetic pathways.
  • lncRNA function is intricately linked to chromatin modifiers and genome architecture.
  • Further research into lncRNA mechanisms will illuminate complex cellular processes.