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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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The representation of conceptual knowledge: visual, auditory, and olfactory imagery compared with semantic

Massimiliano Palmiero1, Rosalia Di Matteo, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli

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Summary

Investigating conceptual knowledge representation, this study found visual and auditory imaginative processing differ from semantic processing, while olfactory processing does not. This highlights modality-specific differences in how we imagine and understand concepts.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Conceptual knowledge representation is debated, particularly regarding modality-specific formats.
  • The relationship between imaginative processing and semantic representations remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if conceptual knowledge is represented in different formats across modalities.
  • To compare imaginative processing (visual, auditory, olfactory) with semantic processing.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using verbal cues.
  • Participants judged similarity between visual, auditory, and olfactory images (imaginative task).
  • Participants categorized items (semantic task).

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1: Semantic processing was faster than visual and auditory imaginative processing; olfactory processing showed no difference.
  • Experiment 2: Only visual imaginative processing accuracy differed from semantic processing.
  • Visual and auditory imaginative processing rely on semantic representations but can be differentiated.

Conclusions:

  • Visual and auditory imaginative processing are distinct from semantic processing, yet interconnected.
  • Olfactory imaginative processing appears undifferentiated from semantic processing.
  • Findings contribute to the ongoing imagery debate regarding mental representation formats.