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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

55
DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
55
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

32
Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
32
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

35
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
35
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

28
PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
28
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

33
Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
33
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

59
DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
59

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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Understanding Retinal Vessel Resilience and Disease Progression
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Epidemiological issues in diabetic retinopathy.

Peter H Scanlon1, Stephen J Aldington, Irene M Stratton

  • 1Gloucestershire Diabetic Retinopathy Research Group, Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, South West, UK ; English National Health Service Diabetic Eye Screening Programme, Victoria Warehouse, The Docks, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, South West, UK.

Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes is a growing global epidemic, with type 2 diabetes linked to lifestyle and obesity. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression is influenced by modifiable factors like blood glucose and nonmodifiable factors such as diabetes duration.

Keywords:
Diabetic RetinopathyEpidemiologyMacular EdemaProliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Global diabetes epidemic, particularly type 2, driven by lifestyle, obesity, and aging populations.
  • Projected increase in diabetes cases worldwide, highlighting a significant public health challenge.
  • Type 1 diabetes prevalence varies geographically, with rising rates in some European regions among young children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression.
  • To discuss the impact of diabetes duration and other factors on the development of DR, macular edema (ME), and proliferative DR (PDR).
  • To examine trends in DR progression and visual loss in recent years.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data and risk factors associated with diabetes.
  • Analysis of studies on the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes.
  • Examination of factors influencing the development of diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Main Results:

  • Modifiable risk factors for DR progression include blood glucose, blood pressure, serum lipids, and smoking.
  • Nonmodifiable risk factors include diabetes duration, age, genetics, and ethnicity.
  • Studies show median time to early retinal changes in type 1 diabetes is 9.1 years; 25-year incidence of proliferative retinopathy is 42.9%.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy are linked to diabetes duration and various risk factors.
  • Recent improvements in diabetes management may be contributing to lower rates of DR progression and severe visual loss.
  • Effective control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids, alongside early diagnosis, is crucial for preventing DR complications.