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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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What is the Immune System?01:38

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Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies
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The adaptation model of immunity.

Masoud H Manjili1

  • 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Box 980035, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. mmanjili@vcu.edu.

Immunotherapy
|December 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

New adaptation signals, involving dynamic expression of adapting receptors (ARs) and ligands, are crucial for immune tolerance. Understanding ARs could revolutionize treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Current 'self-nonself' and 'danger' theories inadequately explain immune responses in cancer and autoimmune diseases.
  • Limited understanding exists on how the immune system determines effective or ineffective responses.
  • Immune decision-making appears to involve more than just antigen recognition or danger signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing 'self-nonself' and 'danger' models of immune response.
  • To propose the necessity of 'adaptation' signals for immunological tolerance.
  • To explore the role of dynamic expression of adapting receptors (ARs) and ligands in immune regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunological models ('self-nonself', 'danger').

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  • Conceptual framework development based on emerging evidence.
  • Analysis of the proposed role of adapting receptors (ARs) and ligands in immune tolerance and disease.

    • Main Results:

    • Adaptation signals, mediated by ARs and ligands, are proposed as essential for maintaining immunological tolerance.
    • Dynamic expression of ARs and ligands on immune and somatic cells is hypothesized to facilitate tolerance.
    • Aberrant AR expression is linked to tissue-specific autoimmune diseases and cancer regression.

    Conclusions:

    • The 'adaptation' model offers a new perspective beyond 'self-nonself' and 'danger' theories.
    • Identification of ARs and their ligands could uncover novel therapeutic targets.
    • This framework has potential implications for treating cancer, autoimmune diseases, and in solid organ transplantation.