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Endocrine Signaling01:45

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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[Biomarkers in endocrinology].

Michèle d'Herbomez1, Catherine Bauters2, Christine Cortet-Rudelli2

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|December 18, 2013
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Summary

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and other biomarkers like metanephrines, IGF1, AMH, thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and Chromogranin A are crucial for diagnosing various endocrine disorders. These assays offer sensitive and specific detection for conditions ranging from thyroid dysfunction to tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Clinical Biochemistry
  • Oncology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Context:

  • Thyroid function is best assessed by TSH, with specific ranges for adults and pregnancy.
  • Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are diagnosed via metanephrine secretion.
  • Acromegaly diagnosis relies on IGF1, reflecting GH levels.
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian failure are evaluated using AMH.
  • Thyroid cancers (follicular and medullary) are identified by Thyroglobulin and Calcitonin.
  • Various endocrine tumors can be monitored using Chromogranin A.

Purpose:

  • To highlight key biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring endocrine disorders.
  • To establish the diagnostic utility and interpretation of various hormone assays.
  • To emphasize the importance of specific assays for accurate clinical decision-making.

Summary:

  • TSH assay is the primary indicator of thyroid function, with established normal ranges for adults and pregnant women.
  • Metanephrine assays are vital for diagnosing pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, with plasma methoxytyramine as a novel marker for metastatic disease.
  • Serum IGF1 is a reliable measure for diagnosing acromegaly and assessing treatment efficacy, requiring age and sex-matched controls.
  • Serum AMH is a sensitive marker for PCOS and ovarian failure, often decreasing before FSH levels rise.
  • Thyroglobulin (TG) and Calcitonin (CT) are specific markers for follicular and medullary thyroid cancers, respectively.
  • Chromogranin A (CgA) serves as an efficient biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring various endocrine tumors.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of essential biomarkers in endocrinology.
  • Facilitates accurate diagnosis and effective management of endocrine conditions.
  • Underscores the role of specific assays in personalized patient care and monitoring.