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Related Concept Videos

DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase
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A developmentally regulated activity that unwinds RNA duplexes.

B L Bass, H Weintraub

    Cell
    |February 27, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Antisense RNA techniques in Xenopus embryos are transient due to an RNA:RNA hybrid unwinding activity. This activity is present from oocytes through embryogenesis, hindering stable hybrid formation for gene regulation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Developmental Biology
    • Molecular Biology
    • RNA Biology

    Background:

    • Antisense RNA technology is a tool for gene regulation.
    • RNA:RNA hybrids are key intermediates in gene regulation.
    • The stability of these hybrids is crucial for antisense RNA efficacy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the stability of sense:antisense RNA hybrids in developing Xenopus embryos.
    • To identify factors that may limit the effectiveness of antisense RNA techniques in this model organism.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized antisense RNA techniques in Xenopus embryos.
    • Analyzed RNA:RNA hybrid formation and stability.
    • Characterized RNA unwinding activity in S100 extracts from Xenopus oocytes and embryos.

    Main Results:

    • Sense:antisense RNA hybrids formed but were transient in Xenopus embryos.
    • An RNA:RNA hybrid unwinding activity was detected in oocytes and increased during maturation and embryogenesis.
    • This activity was characterized in S100 extracts and shown to be specific for duplexed RNA.

    Conclusions:

    • A potent RNA:RNA hybrid unwinding activity limits the stability of antisense RNA hybrids in Xenopus.
    • This activity is developmentally regulated, present from oogenesis through embryogenesis.
    • The findings suggest challenges for applying direct antisense RNA strategies in early Xenopus development.