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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
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RNA sequencing reveals the complex regulatory network in the maize kernel.

Junjie Fu1, Yanbing Cheng2, Jingjing Linghu3

  • 1Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.

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|December 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study used RNA sequencing on maize kernels to identify millions of genetic variations and map gene expression patterns. These findings reveal a large gene regulatory network, aiding maize improvement.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful tool for simultaneously identifying genetic variations and quantifying gene expression.
  • Understanding gene regulation in maize kernel development is crucial for improving crop yield and nutritional quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze genetic polymorphisms and gene expression in developing maize kernels using RNA sequencing.
  • To identify expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and elucidate the gene regulatory network governing kernel development in maize.

Main Methods:

  • RNA sequencing was performed on 368 maize inbred lines, generating 25.8 billion reads.
  • Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and validated using MaizeSNP50 BeadChip and Sequenom MassArray iPLEX platforms.
  • Genome-wide association studies were conducted to identify eQTLs and map gene regulatory networks.

Main Results:

  • Over 3.6 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, with 931,484 mapped to gene regions.
  • A total of 16,408 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) were identified, with 95.1% localized to a 10-kb region.
  • A large-scale gene regulatory network was established, including the regulation of 31 zein genes and 16 key kernel development genes.

Conclusions:

  • RNA sequencing provides a robust approach for high-throughput SNP discovery and gene expression analysis in maize.
  • The identified eQTLs and gene regulatory network offer valuable insights into the genetic architecture of maize kernel development.
  • These findings can facilitate marker-assisted breeding for enhanced maize yield and nutritional value.