Hygrothermal aging effects on buried molecular structures at epoxy interfaces
John N Myers1, Chi Zhang, Kang-Wook Lee
1Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|December 19, 2013
Summary
Hygrothermal aging causes delamination in electronic packages by altering interfacial molecular structures. Water at epoxy interfaces, particularly strongly hydrogen-bonded water, significantly reduces adhesion strength, highlighting moisture-induced failure mechanisms.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Surface Science
- Spectroscopy
Background:
- Interfacial adhesion is critical for microelectronic package reliability.
- Organic polymers like epoxy are susceptible to delamination under stress.
- Understanding molecular changes at interfaces is key to preventing failure.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate molecular structural changes at buried epoxy interfaces during hygrothermal aging.
- To correlate these molecular changes with macroscopic adhesion strength.
- To elucidate moisture-induced failure mechanisms in electronic packages.
Main Methods:
- Infrared-visible sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG) for interfacial analysis.
- Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) for bulk analysis.
- Hygrothermal aging to simulate stress conditions.
Main Results:
- Strongly hydrogen-bonded water detected at hydrophilic epoxy interfaces via SFG.
- Ordered interfacial water correlated with significant adhesion loss.
- Hydrophobic interfaces showed less adhesion decrease and no interfacial water peaks.
- Bulk epoxy water (ATR-FTIR) differed from interfacial water.
- Interfacial methyl group restructuring observed, potentially due to water plasticization.
Conclusions:
- Water diffusion and altered hydrogen bonding at interfaces are primary drivers of adhesion loss.
- Interfacial water structure significantly impacts delamination susceptibility.
- Molecular-level insights from SFG aid in understanding and mitigating moisture-induced failures in electronic packaging.
Related Concept Videos
01:19The Effect of Aging on Tissues
3.6K
Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
3.6K
01:29Diversity of Archaea IV
639
Hyperthermophilic archaea are a group of extremophiles thriving at temperatures above 80°C, often in hydrothermal vents and volcanic soils where conditions surpass the boiling point of water. At such temperatures, proteins, membranes, and DNA in most organisms degrade, but hyperthermophiles have evolved remarkable adaptations to maintain stability and function.Unique Cellular FeaturesHyperthermophilic membranes are composed of a monolayer of biphytanyl tetraether lipids, which resist...
639
01:21Drying Shrinkage
519
When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
519
02:42Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration
14.3K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
14.3K
01:28Biodeterioration
86
Biodeterioration refers to the unwanted alteration of materials caused by microorganisms—especially fungi—which damage both organic substrates (paper, wood, textiles) and inorganic ones (stone, plaster, glass). Unlike abiotic decay, biodeterioration results from biological activity that produces physical disruption and chemical degradation.Physical deterioration occurs as fungal hyphae penetrate pores, cracks, and surface irregularities. Hyphal turgor pressure, thigmotropic growth...
86
01:27Diversity of Archaea III
502
Crenarchaeota, a prominent phylum of Archaea, is remarkable for its ability to thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and acidity. These microorganisms inhabit sulfuric hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperatures often exceed 100°C. The unique adaptations of Crenarchaeota not only allow survival under such extreme conditions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of life in primordial Earth-like...
502