Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

5.0K
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
5.0K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

2.4K
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
2.4K
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

1.3K
Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
1.3K
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

6.6K
Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
6.6K
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

5.1K
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
5.1K
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

30.4K
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
30.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SUI in postmenopausal women: advantages of an intraurethral + intravaginal Er:YAG laser.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2023
Same author

Short-term effects of an erbium/neodymium laser combination in superficial dyspareunia: a pilot study.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2022
Same author

The VELA experience: a strategic format.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2020
Same author

Sexual function after vaginal erbium laser: the results of a large, multicentric, prospective study.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2020
Same author

Er:YAG laser in hysterectomized women with stress urinary incontinence: a VELA retrospective cohort, non-inferiority study.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2020
Same author

Safety of vaginal erbium laser: A review of 113,000 patients treated in the past 8 years.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2020
Same journal

High grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia positive biopsy: the importance of accurate pre-operative workup.

Minerva ginecologica·2021
Same journal

Efficacy and safety of a novel vaginal medical device in recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a multicenter clinical trial.

Minerva ginecologica·2020
Same journal

[Advisory Board Italiano sulla sindrome dell'ovaio policistico (PCOS): dalle osservazioni all'esperienze cliniche sull'uso del mioinositolo (MYO) e dell'acido alfa-lipoico (ALA) per migliorare i quadri della sindrome].

Minerva ginecologica·2020
Same journal

Update on new imaging technologies in sentinel node detection.

Minerva ginecologica·2020
Same journal

Postoperative pelvic dysfunctions associated with the reconstruction of the pelvic floor.

Minerva ginecologica·2020
Same journal

The role of sentinel-node biopsy in ovarian cancer.

Minerva ginecologica·2020
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

11.7K

Selective estrogen modulators in menopause.

M Gambacciani1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy - margamba@tin.it.

Minerva Ginecologica
|December 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) offer alternatives for osteoporosis prevention. Bazedoxifene combined with conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE) effectively treats menopausal symptoms and protects bone health, improving quality of life.

More Related Videos

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
08:56

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats

Published on: April 7, 2023

1.6K
A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
14:26

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

16.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 4, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

11.7K
Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
08:56

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats

Published on: April 7, 2023

1.6K
A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
14:26

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

16.6K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Hypoestrogenism is a key factor in postmenopausal osteoporosis and related fractures.
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) offer tissue-specific estrogenic effects, acting as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
  • First-generation SERMs like tamoxifen have bone benefits but carry risks of endometrial hyperplasia and thromboembolic events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tissue selective estrogen complexes (TSEC) for menopausal management.
  • To assess the impact of bazedoxifene combined with conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE) on bone mineral density (BMD), climacteric symptoms, and endometrial health.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical evaluation of bazedoxifene in association with conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE) as a TSEC.
  • Assessment of bone turnover markers, BMD changes (lumbar spine and hip), and climacteric symptom severity.
  • Monitoring of endometrial proliferation and rates of amenorrhea.

Main Results:

  • BZA/CE significantly increased BMD, comparable to HRT and superior to raloxifene or bazedoxifene alone.
  • BZA/CE effectively reduced the frequency and severity of hot flashes and improved vaginal atrophy and quality of life.
  • BZA/CE demonstrated endometrial safety, preventing proliferation and achieving high amenorrhea rates.

Conclusions:

  • BZA/CE is an effective and safe treatment for climacteric women, improving quality of life and protecting bone health.
  • The high amenorrhea rate associated with BZA/CE may enhance patient compliance.
  • Further research is needed to ascertain long-term effects on cardiovascular events and cancer risks.