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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

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Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

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Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

269
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
269
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

208
Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
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Allopurinol induced erythroderma.

Geeta Sharma1, Dinesh Chandra Govil1

  • 1Departments of Dermatology and Dermatology and Venereology, Rama Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Mandhana, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Indian Journal of Pharmacology
|December 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Allopurinol can cause severe skin reactions like erythroderma. This case report highlights a patient who developed this reaction after starting allopurinol for high uric acid levels.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Dermatology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Allopurinol is a common medication used to lower uric acid levels.
  • Adverse drug reactions, including severe skin reactions, can occur with allopurinol.
  • Erythroderma is a widespread redness and scaling of the skin.

Observation:

  • A 45-year-old male presented with fever, redness, and scaling of the entire body.
  • Symptoms appeared 3-4 weeks after initiating allopurinol for asymptomatic hyperuricemia.
  • Blood tests revealed elevated liver enzymes, and a skin biopsy confirmed drug-induced erythroderma.

Findings:

  • The patient's condition was diagnosed as allopurinol-induced erythroderma.
  • Discontinuation of allopurinol and initiation of steroid therapy led to improvement.
Keywords:
Allopurinolerythrodermahyperuricemia

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  • The patient recovered within two weeks of treatment.

    • Implications:

    • This case underscores the potential for severe dermatological adverse drug reactions to allopurinol.
    • Early recognition and management are crucial for favorable outcomes in drug-induced erythroderma.
    • Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity reactions.