Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

2.2K
Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
2.2K
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

1.4K
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
1.4K
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

27
Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
27
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

29
Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
29
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

3.7K
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
3.7K
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

28
Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of...
28

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

At-Home Versus in-Clinic Vital Capacity Measurement: Insights From the HEALEY ALS Platform Trial.

Muscle & nerve·2026
Same author

Prospective Validation of the New PLS Diagnostic Criteria From PLS Natural History Study: EMG and Neurofilament Analyses.

Muscle & nerve·2026
Same author

Does the ACT Have ImpACT for ALS?

Muscle & nerve·2025
Same author

How Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Perceive Respiratory Interventions: A Mixed-Methods Study to Inform Implementation Efforts.

Neurology. Clinical practice·2025
Same author

Self-reported initiation apathy is related to worse quality of life in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration·2025
Same author

Primary Lateral Sclerosis Natural History Study: Primary Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale and Other Outcomes Assessment.

Annals of neurology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS
12:43

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

Published on: February 21, 2011

37.6K

Pseudobulbar affect: prevalence and management.

Aiesha Ahmed1, Zachary Simmons1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.

Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
|December 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a neurological condition often misdiagnosed as depression. Early identification and understanding its neurobiological basis are key for effective management and treatment.

Keywords:
amyotrophic lateral sclerosisdepressionemotional labilitymultiple sclerosispseudobulbar affect

More Related Videos

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

24.5K
Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents
08:38

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

Published on: September 1, 2011

77.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 4, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS
12:43

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

Published on: February 21, 2011

37.6K
Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

24.5K
Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents
08:38

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

Published on: September 1, 2011

77.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a neurological disorder associated with various conditions like ALS, MS, and TBI.
  • PBA significantly impacts psychological well-being and social interactions.
  • It is frequently misdiagnosed as mood disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of accurate identification of PBA.
  • To discuss the underlying mechanisms of PBA.
  • To review current and emerging treatment options for PBA.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical recognition and validated scales for PBA assessment.
  • Understanding the neurobiological pathways involving serotonin and glutamate.
  • Review of pharmacological treatments including antidepressants and a novel combination therapy.

Main Results:

  • Characteristic clinical features allow for accurate PBA identification, distinguishing it from mood disorders.
  • Disruption of serotonin and glutamate pathways is the proposed mechanism for PBA.
  • Antidepressants (TCAs, SSRIs) and a dextromethorphan/quinidine combination are effective treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of PBA is crucial for appropriate management.
  • Understanding PBA's neurobiology guides therapeutic strategies.
  • Clinicians must consider patient-specific factors when selecting PBA treatments.