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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
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Lateralization01:28

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Corpus callosum changes in euthymic bipolar affective disorder.

Adrian J Lloyd1, Heba E Ali, David Nesbitt

  • 1Adrian J. Lloyd, MB, BS, MRCPsych, MD (Hons), Heba E. Ali, MB, BS, Mphil, David Nesbitt, BSc (Hons), MB, BS, P. Brian Moore, PhD, MB, BS, FRCPsych, Allan H. Young, MB, ChB, MPhil, PhD, FRCPsych, FRCPS, I. Nicol Ferrier, BSc(Hons), MD (Hons), FRCP(Ed), FRCPsych, Psychobiology Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.

The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental Science
|December 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bipolar disorder is associated with reduced corpus callosum size, irrespective of age. These brain structure changes in bipolar disorder patients may indicate altered myelination or glial function, with a gender-specific effect.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuropsychiatry
  • Brain Anatomy

Background:

  • Corpus callosum size and thickness alterations are noted in bipolar disorder.
  • Evidence suggests potential issues with myelination or glial function in affected individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare corpus callosum area, thickness, and MRI T1 signal intensity between bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to analyze callosal midsagittal area, thickness, and T1 signal intensity.
  • The study included 48 euthymic bipolar disorder patients and 46 healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Bipolar disorder patients exhibited smaller overall and subregional callosal areas and reduced callosal width compared to controls.
  • Age negatively correlated with callosal area in controls, but not in bipolar patients.
  • Signal intensity was higher in women than men; bipolar women showed reduced signal intensity, unlike bipolar men.

Conclusions:

  • Morphometric changes in bipolar disorder appear independent of mood state and normal aging processes.
  • Observed intensity changes suggest potential alterations in myelination or glial function.
  • A gender-dependent factor interacts with bipolar disorder diagnosis, influencing these findings.