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Strain and Elastic Modulus01:15

Strain and Elastic Modulus

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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Experimental and Data Analysis Workflow for Soft Matter Nanoindentation
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Skin viscoelasticity studied in vitro by microprobe-based techniques.

T Jee1, K Komvopoulos1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics
|December 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Porcine skin

Keywords:
DeformationIndentationSkinStiffnessViscoelasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanical engineering
  • Dermal research
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Understanding skin's mechanical properties is crucial for biomedical applications.
  • Skin exhibits complex time-dependent deformation (viscoelasticity).
  • In vitro studies are essential for detailed analysis of skin mechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the time-dependent deformation of porcine skin in vitro.
  • To analyze the distinct contributions of stratum corneum, dermis, and whole skin to deformation.
  • To characterize viscoelastic behavior under creep and stress relaxation conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized specialized microprobe instruments for in vitro testing.
  • Measured creep strain, elastic stiffness, and viscoelastic constants.
  • Varied parameters including hold time, loading/unloading rate, and indentation depth (load).

Main Results:

  • Dermis viscoelasticity significantly influences skin deformation up to a critical load.
  • Beyond this critical load, the stratum corneum (epidermis) dominates deformation.
  • Experimental trends were observed for both creep and stress relaxation behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Skin's time-dependent deformation is layer-dependent, with a transition from dermal to epidermal control.
  • Viscoelastic properties are critical for understanding skin's response to mechanical stimuli.
  • In vitro microprobe analysis provides valuable insights into skin biomechanics.