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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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Heuristics01:21

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Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that use mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making. Unlike algorithms, which must be followed precisely to achieve a correct result, heuristics offer a general problem-solving framework. They save time and energy but can sometimes lead to less rational decisions.
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Deciding about fast and slow decisions.

Pat Croskerry1, David A Petrie, James B Reilly

  • 1Dr. Croskerry is professor and director, Critical Thinking Program, Division of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Dr. Petrie is professor of emergency medicine and professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and chief, Capital District Health Authority Department of Emergency Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Dr. Reilly is associate director, Internal Medicine Residency, Allegheny General Hospital, Western Pennsylvania Hospital Educational Consortium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and assistant professor of medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Tait is assistant professor, Departments of Surgery and Anesthesia, and staff scientist, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
|December 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clinical decision making involves intuitive and analytical processes. Research should focus on the adaptive strengths of both systems for better clinical practice and teaching, rather than their deficiencies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Medical Education
  • Clinical Practice

Background:

  • Dual process theory is a dominant model for understanding decision-making.
  • It distinguishes between intuitive (reflexive, autonomous) and analytical (deliberate reasoning) processes.
  • A polarization exists regarding the relative merits of these two systems in clinical decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the polarization of viewpoints on intuitive versus analytical decision-making in clinical contexts.
  • To explore methodological concerns in research on clinical decision-making.
  • To advocate for a research focus on the adaptive strengths of decision-making systems.

Main Methods:

  • Commentary discussing existing research and theoretical frameworks.
  • Analysis of the limitations of reductionist approaches in studying complex decision-making.
  • Emphasis on real-time reflection of interdependent variables in clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Speed alone does not differentiate intuitive and analytical processes.
  • The diagnosticity of symptoms is more relevant to diagnostic ease and accuracy than decision-making speed.
  • Reductionist research designs may sacrifice external and ecological validity.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical decision-making is complex, involving interdependent variables.
  • Research should move beyond focusing on deficiencies of intuitive and analytical systems.
  • Future research should highlight the adaptive strengths of both systems to improve clinical practice and teaching.