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Related Concept Videos

Noncompartmental Analysis: Miscellaneous Pharmacokinetic Parameters00:54

Noncompartmental Analysis: Miscellaneous Pharmacokinetic Parameters

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The noncompartmental approach is a widely used method in pharmacokinetics to assess drugs' behaviors in the body. It considers several factors, including clearance, bioavailability, and total volume of distribution.
One key aspect of the noncompartmental approach is determining a drug's total clearance. This can be done by dividing the drug dose by the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity. The area under the concentration-time curve represents the drug's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Model-Independent Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Noncompartmental Analysis00:59

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Noncompartmental analyses offer an alternative method for describing drug pharmacokinetics without relying on a specific compartmental model. In this approach, the drug's pharmacokinetics are assumed to be linear, with the terminal phase log-linear. This assumption allows for simplified analysis and interpretation of the drug's behavior in the body.
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Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data01:12

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods01:26

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...
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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Assessing changes in third-party gross margin for a single community pharmacy.

Benjamin Y Urick, Julie M Urmie, William R Doucette

    Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : Japha
    |December 24, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Prescription gross margins decreased between 2008 and 2011, with higher generic dispensing rates contributing to lower gross margin dollars (GMDs). Pharmacies should monitor margins and explore new revenue streams for profitability.

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    Area of Science:

    • Health Economics
    • Pharmacy Management
    • Pharmaceutical Policy

    Background:

    • Prescription drug pricing and reimbursement are complex.
    • Understanding gross margin trends is crucial for pharmacy financial health.
    • Changes in drug mix and payer policies impact pharmacy profitability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze prescription gross margin changes from 2008-2011.
    • To evaluate the impact of prescription mix shifts on gross margins.
    • To assess trends in a single independent pharmacy setting.

    Main Methods:

    • A longitudinal, retrospective descriptive case study design was employed.
    • Data from 2008-2011 were analyzed using random sampling and market basket approaches.
    • Prescription dispensing records from various payers were examined.

    Main Results:

    • Median gross margin dollars (GMDs) declined for both random samples and market baskets.
    • The generic dispensing rate increased significantly from 62.65% to 73.64%.
    • Generic products demonstrated substantially lower GMDs compared to brand-name drugs.

    Conclusions:

    • Third-party prescription drug gross margins exhibited significant variation by payer and decreased over the study period.
    • Increased generic utilization negatively impacted gross margins.
    • Pharmacies need to actively monitor margin changes and develop alternative revenue strategies to ensure sustained profitability.