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Preterm birth and subsequent insulin sensitivity: a systematic review.

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Preterm birth is linked to reduced insulin sensitivity (IS) throughout life, though this association weakens in adulthood. Lifestyle factors are crucial for individuals born preterm to mitigate metabolic risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Health
  • Metabolic Health
  • Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

  • Preterm birth rates are rising globally.
  • Children born preterm face increased risks of metabolic syndrome and reduced insulin sensitivity (IS) later in life.
  • Existing research indicates a potential link between preterm birth and long-term metabolic health disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the association between preterm birth and insulin sensitivity (IS) across the lifespan.
  • To investigate potential differences in IS between infants born small-for-gestational age (SGA) and appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion of studies assessing insulin sensitivity (IS) in preterm infants.
  • Analysis of findings by age group to track changes over the life course.

Main Results:

  • A measurable association between preterm birth and insulin sensitivity (IS) was observed in infancy and early childhood.
  • The strength of the association between preterm birth and IS diminishes in later childhood and adulthood.
  • Body composition emerged as the most significant factor associated with IS in older age groups.

Conclusions:

  • An association exists between preterm birth and insulin sensitivity (IS) across the lifespan, though findings are conflicting.
  • Study population heterogeneity and confounding factors likely influence the observed associations.
  • Public health guidance on avoiding obesogenic lifestyles is critical for individuals born preterm to manage metabolic health.