[The world of double helix--"it did not escape our notice"]

One of the key questions of biology is the nature and mechanisms of gene function. It has been 60 years since proposing the right-handed model of DNA double helix in 1953. This discovery was honored with Nobel Prize in 1962 and become a breakthrough in knowing and understanding mechanisms of heredity and genetic code. Since that time a great deal of data have been gathered considering functions, structure and DNA application. It became the basis of modern molecular biology, chemical biology and biotechnology. Today we know, that double helix is characterized by its dynamics and plasticity, which depend on its nucleotide sequence. Chromatin structure and DNA mediated charge transport have a crucial role in understanding mechanisms of its damage and repair. Progress in epigenetics allowed to identify new DNA bases, such as 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxycytosine. Design of new catalytic nucleic acids and the nanotechnology field of DNA origami reveal its application potential.