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Arthropod bites.

Gregory Juckett1

  • 1West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.

American Family Physician
|December 25, 2013
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Arthropod bites from spiders, ticks, and insects can cause local reactions or transmit diseases. Proper identification, wound care, and repellents are key to managing and preventing these medically significant encounters.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Arthropod-borne Diseases
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Arthropods like spiders and ticks pose medical risks through venomous bites or disease transmission.
  • While most arthropod bites cause minor irritation, some, like widow spider and brown recluse spider bites, can lead to severe systemic or local effects.
  • Tick bites require prompt removal and can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the medical significance of arthropod bites in the United States.
  • To outline the clinical manifestations and management strategies for bites from medically important spiders, ticks, fleas, bedbugs, biting flies, and mosquitoes.
  • To emphasize preventive measures against arthropod-borne diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current medical literature on medically significant arthropod bites.
  • Summarization of diagnostic criteria and clinical presentations.
  • Compilation of recommended treatment and prevention strategies.

Main Results:

  • Widow spider bites cause muscle spasms, treated with narcotics, benzodiazepines, or antivenom.
  • Brown recluse spider bites may result in skin necrosis, typically managed with wound care.
  • Tick bites, particularly from black-legged ticks, can transmit Lyme disease, potentially preventable with doxycycline prophylaxis in specific scenarios.
  • Fleas, bedbugs, flies, and mosquitoes cause pruritic papules, with location aiding diagnosis; severe mosquito reactions may need prednisone.
  • Insect repellents containing DEET or picaridin are effective preventive measures.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of medically important arthropod bites relies on accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic interventions.
  • Prevention through measures like permethrin treatment for clothing, proper tick removal, and consistent use of insect repellents is crucial.
  • Understanding the specific risks associated with different arthropod vectors informs public health strategies and individual protection.