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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

19
Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
19
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

22
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

30
Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
30
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

15
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
15
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

199
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
199
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

30
A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Updated: May 4, 2026

Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles
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Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles

Published on: May 23, 2016

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Cerebral vasculitis.

Harold P Adams1

  • 1Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care Stroke Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noninfectious inflammatory vasculitides can cause diverse neurological conditions. Early diagnosis and immunosuppressive treatment, often with corticosteroids, are crucial for managing these rare but serious disorders.

Keywords:
Cerebral vasculitisclinical presentations of vasculitisdiagnostic evaluation of vasculitisgranulomatous angiitismultisystem vasculitistreatment of vasculitis

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Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Noninfectious inflammatory vasculitides are a group of uncommon disorders.
  • These conditions can manifest with a wide spectrum of neurological diseases.
  • Multisystem involvement often presents with characteristic clinical and serologic findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical spectrum and diagnostic approaches to noninfectious inflammatory vasculitides.
  • To highlight the neurological manifestations of these disorders.
  • To outline current management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on noninfectious inflammatory vasculitides.
  • Description of clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment modalities.
  • Emphasis on neurological involvement and central nervous system vasculitis.

Main Results:

  • Vasculitides encompass conditions like giant cell arteritis and Wegener disease, causing neurological issues such as mononeuropathy multiplex, polyneuropathy, seizures, stroke, and hemorrhage.
  • Multisystem vasculitides typically show specific clinical signs in organs like kidneys, lungs, and skin, alongside abnormal serologic tests.
  • Isolated central nervous system vasculitis presents diagnostic challenges due to nonspecific clinical and imaging findings, often requiring cerebrospinal fluid analysis, arteriography, and biopsy.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and management of vasculitis are essential to prevent severe neurological damage.
  • Immunosuppressive agents, particularly corticosteroids, form the cornerstone of treatment for both multisystem and isolated CNS vasculitis.
  • Further research may improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes for these complex inflammatory conditions.