Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

40
Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
40
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

2.0K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
2.0K
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

52
Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
52
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

30
The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
30
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

27.5K
The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
27.5K
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

11.9K
Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
11.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Narrative Medicine: An Optative Course at the Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon].

Acta medica portuguesa·2017
Same author

C1-C2 pigmented villonodular synovitis and clear cell carcinoma: unexpected presentation of a rare disease and a review of the literature.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·2014
Same author

[Traumatic brain injury: integrated approach].

Acta medica portuguesa·2012
Same author

Myeloradiculopathy associated to Schistosoma mansoni.

BMJ case reports·2012
Same author

Pediatric brain tumors: genetics and clinical outcome.

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics·2010
Same author

Maffucci syndrome associated with a pituitary adenoma and a probable brainstem tumor.

Journal of neurosurgery·2008
Same journal

Preface.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Foreword.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

The electroretinogram as a means to study the physiology of the retina.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Modeling the human retina in a dish: Advances and future directions.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis
02:02

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis

Published on: February 24, 2023

1.3K

Spinal stenosis.

João Levy Melancia1, António Fernandes Francisco1, João Lobo Antunes1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal stenosis, a common age-related condition, involves spinal canal narrowing. Diagnosis requires symptoms and imaging, with non-operative management as the initial treatment for most patients.

Keywords:
Back painCervical spondylotic myelopathyForaminotomyLaminectomyNeurogenic claudicationSagital balanceSpinal instabilitySpinal stenosis

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
05:17

Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.7K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of TUBE Technique in Spinal Surgery
06:26

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of TUBE Technique in Spinal Surgery

Published on: November 17, 2023

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 4, 2026

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis
02:02

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis

Published on: February 24, 2023

1.3K
Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
05:17

Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.7K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of TUBE Technique in Spinal Surgery
06:26

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of TUBE Technique in Spinal Surgery

Published on: November 17, 2023

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Spinal stenosis, characterized by spinal canal or foramina narrowing, is frequently observed in elderly individuals.
  • Diagnosis is confirmed when neurogenic claudication or cervical myelopathy symptoms arise, primarily affecting the lumbar and cervical spine.

Observation:

  • Cervical spine stenosis has an incidence of 1 per 100,000, while lumbar spine stenosis occurs at 5 per 100,000.
  • Acquired spinal stenosis can stem from systemic diseases like endocrinopathies, metabolic disorders, inflammatory conditions, and infections.
  • Physical examination findings are more consistently abnormal in cervical spondylotic myelopathy compared to lumbar spinal stenosis.

Findings:

  • Spinal stenosis diagnosis integrates clinical presentation with imaging findings (CT, MRI).
  • Ancillary tests aid in differential diagnoses, such as distinguishing from vascular claudication.
  • Most patients experience progressive symptoms, initially managed non-operatively.

Implications:

  • Surgery is reserved for progressive, intolerable symptoms or severe initial presentations.
  • Surgical interventions focus on decompression and potentially instrumentation to maintain spinal stability.
  • Surgical treatment for cervical spine stenosis aims to arrest disease progression, with evidence supporting short-term benefits for lumbar stenosis.