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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Gluten-related neurologic dysfunction.

Marios Hadjivassiliou1, Andrew P Duker2, David S Sanders3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gluten-related disorders (GRD) involve immune responses to gluten, causing various symptoms beyond the gut. This review covers neurologic manifestations, diagnosis, and mechanisms in GRD.

Keywords:
Gluten ataxiaantigliadin antibodiesceliac diseasegluten enteropathygluten neuropathytransglutaminase antibodies

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Gluten-related disorders (GRD) are systemic autoimmune diseases triggered by gluten in susceptible individuals.
  • Celiac disease (CD) is one manifestation; others include dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and neurologic issues.
  • Extraintestinal manifestations, including neurological ones without enteropathy, are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spectrum of neurologic manifestations in GRD.
  • To discuss recent diagnostic advances for neurologic GRD.
  • To explore potential pathophysiologic mechanisms of neurologic involvement in GRD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neurologic manifestations in GRD.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and advancements.
  • Discussion of proposed pathophysiologic pathways.

Main Results:

  • GRD present with a wide range of neurologic symptoms.
  • Diagnosis of neurologic dysfunction in GRD has seen recent improvements.
  • Understanding of the mechanisms linking gluten, autoimmunity, and neurological effects is evolving.

Conclusions:

  • Neurologic dysfunction is a significant component of the GRD spectrum.
  • Accurate diagnosis and understanding of pathophysiology are crucial for managing neurologic GRD.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms involved.