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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

23
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
23
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
26
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
30
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

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Thyroid disease and the nervous system.

Clare A Wood-Allum1, Pamela J Shaw1

  • 1Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield and Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Neurologists frequently encounter thyroid disorders, which can manifest with neurological symptoms. This overview details thyroid disease

Keywords:
Graves’ diseaseThyroid diseasehyperkalemic periodic paralysishyperthyroidismhypothyroidismmyopathymyxedema comaneurological complicationsneuropathythyroid storm

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders are prevalent in both general and hospitalized populations.
  • Neurological complications can be the initial presentation of thyroid disease or co-occur with other neurological conditions, especially autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of neurological complications associated with thyroid disorders.
  • To highlight conditions like thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and myxedema coma where thyroid disease may be initially unrecognized.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid disorders and their neurological manifestations.
  • Emphasis on clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, therapy, and prognosis relevant to neurologists.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid disease commonly presents with neurological issues, necessitating neurologist involvement.
  • Specific conditions like thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and myxedema coma require prompt recognition of underlying thyroid dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Neurologists must be aware of the diverse neurological complications of thyroid disorders.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management, particularly in emergency settings.