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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

59
DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
59
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

33
Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
33
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

55
DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
55
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

32
Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
32
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

35
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
35
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

3.9K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetic neuropathy.

Gerald Charnogursky1, Hong Lee1, Norma Lopez1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic neuropathies affect most diabetes patients, causing nerve damage. Managing blood sugar, lipids, and blood pressure can slow progression, but effective treatments for nerve damage mechanisms are lacking.

Keywords:
Peripheral neuropathyautonomic neuropathydiabetic complicationsmononeuropathypolyneuropathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Diabetic neuropathies are common, affecting 60-70% of diabetes mellitus patients.
  • These neuropathies encompass peripheral polyneuropathies, mononeuropathies, and autonomic neuropathies.
  • Current management focuses on risk factor control and symptom alleviation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence and types of diabetic neuropathies.
  • To discuss the impact of risk factor management on neuropathy progression.
  • To highlight the limitations in current therapeutic options for underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diabetic neuropathy.
  • Analysis of risk factors influencing neuropathy onset and progression.
  • Evaluation of existing treatment strategies for diabetic neuropathies.

Main Results:

  • Diabetic neuropathies significantly impact a large percentage of patients with diabetes.
  • Effective control of glucose, lipids, hypertension, and smoking cessation are key preventive measures.
  • No specific medications effectively target the pathophysiologic mechanisms of diabetic neuropathies.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic neuropathies are a major complication of diabetes mellitus.
  • Risk factor modification is crucial for limiting neuropathy development and progression.
  • Current treatments primarily manage pain and end-organ damage, not the root causes.