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Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.

The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

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Commonly used endocrine drugs.

Mário Miguel Rosa¹, Teresa Dias²

¹Neurology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|December 25, 2013

Summary

This chapter reviews endocrine drugs targeting the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, thyroid, and diabetes. It details their uses, mechanisms, and potential neurological side effects, including risk factors.

Keywords:

Neurology adverse events antidiabetic drug antithyroid drug endocrine drug hypothalamic hormone insulin oral antidiabetic parathyroid drug pituitary hormone thyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Pharmacology
Neuroscience

Background:

Endocrine drugs modulate hormonal pathways.
Some endocrine agents impact the nervous system, increasing risk for neurologic adverse events (AEs).

Purpose of the Study:

To review commonly used endocrine agents.
Focus on agents targeting the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, thyroid, and antidiabetic medications.
Discuss indications, mechanisms of action, and adverse event profiles.

Main Methods:

Literature review of endocrine agents.
Analysis of therapeutic indications.
Examination of drug mechanisms and adverse event frequencies.

Main Results:

Commonly used endocrine drugs for the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, thyroid, and diabetes were identified.
Mechanisms of action and indications were detailed.
Frequency and risk factors for neurologic adverse events were summarized where available.

Conclusions:

Understanding endocrine drug mechanisms and AEs is crucial for patient safety.
Neurologic adverse events are a significant consideration for endocrine therapies.
This review provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians managing endocrine conditions.