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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Nervous System01:21

Nervous System

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The nervous system coordinates body functions through its complex network of nerve cells, enabling sensation and movement. It is divided into two primary parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain acts as the body's control center, processing sensory information and coordinating responses. The spinal cord functions as a major signaling pathway for the brain and the rest of the body.
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Updated: May 4, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Nervous system Lyme disease.

John J Halperin1

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Overlook Medical Center, Summit, NJ, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 25, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lyme disease can affect the nervous system in 10-15% of cases, causing symptoms like meningitis and neuritis. Early diagnosis and a 2-4 week antibiotic course, like doxycycline or ceftriaxone, are key to effective treatment and recovery.

Keywords:
Borrelia burgdorferiGarin–Bujadoux–Bannwarth syndromeLyme borreliosisLyme diseasediagnosisintrathecal antibody productionneuroborreliosistreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is a tick-borne illness affecting multiple body systems.
  • Neurological involvement occurs in 10-15% of individuals with Lyme disease.

Observation:

  • Neurological manifestations include lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, radiculoneuritis, and mononeuropathy multiplex.
  • Encephalopathy can occur during active infection but is not specific to Lyme disease.
  • Nervous system infection is rarely evident despite neurological symptoms.

Findings:

  • Diagnosis relies on detecting specific antibodies in blood (ELISA, Western blot) and CSF.
  • Central nervous system infection often leads to specific antibody production in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Implications:

  • Effective treatment is typically achieved with oral doxycycline or parenteral ceftriaxone for 2-4 weeks.
  • Extended treatment beyond 4 weeks offers no additional benefit and increases risks.
  • Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy are crucial for managing neuroborreliosis.