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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

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The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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Related Experiment Video

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Tropical myelopathies.

Gustavo C Román1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Spinal cord lesions in the tropics stem from diverse causes, with infectious and nutritional disorders being more prevalent. Modern imaging aids in diagnosing these conditions, which significantly impact health in tropical regions.

Keywords:
CryptococcusHIVHTLV-1HTLV-2Lyme borreliosisNocardiaPott’s diseaseTaenia soliumTuberculosisacute transverse myelopathyangiostrongyliasisbacterial infectionsbrucellosiscestodescysticercosisechinococcosisenteroviruseseosinophilic meningitisfibrocartilaginous embolismfolatefungal infectionsgnathostomiasisherpes viruseskonzomeningomyelitismycoplasmanematode infectionsneuroborreliosisneurocysticercosisneurosyphilisparagonimiasisparasitic infectionsrabiesretroviral myelopathiesretrovirusschistosomiasisspinal epidural abscessstrongyloidiasissyphilistoxocariasistrematodestropical ataxic myeloneuropathytropical spastic paraparesistuberculosisvirusvitamin B(12)

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Tropical Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Spinal cord lesions present varied etiologies globally, with tropical regions experiencing unique challenges.
  • Common causes include trauma, tumors, and congenital issues, alongside prevalent infectious and nutritional disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the diverse etiologies of spinal cord lesions in tropical regions.
  • To highlight the increased prevalence of infectious and nutritional causes in the tropics.
  • To emphasize the role of advanced imaging in diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of spinal cord lesion etiologies in tropical regions.
  • Analysis of prevalence data for infectious, nutritional, toxic, and other causes.
  • Discussion of diagnostic advancements, including CT and MRI.

Main Results:

  • Infectious causes like tuberculous Pott's disease, brucellosis, and parasitic infections (schistosomiasis, neurocysticercosis) are frequent.
  • Nutritional deficiencies (B12, folate) and toxic exposures (cassava, lathyrism, fluorosis) lead to myeloneuropathies.
  • Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes tropical spastic paraparesis; acute transverse myelopathy is linked to infections and embolism.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal cord lesions in the tropics are multifactorial, with a notable burden from infectious and nutritional conditions.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis through modern imaging is crucial for managing these debilitating conditions.
  • Understanding these specific etiologies is vital for public health initiatives in tropical areas.