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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Quantifying Replication Stress in Ovarian Cancer Cells Using Single-Stranded DNA Immunofluorescence
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Quantifying Replication Stress in Ovarian Cancer Cells Using Single-Stranded DNA Immunofluorescence

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Causes and consequences of replication stress.

Michelle K Zeman1, Karlene A Cimprich1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Nature Cell Biology
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Replication stress can harm genome stability and cell survival. Understanding the ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase pathway is crucial for treating diseases linked to replication stress defects.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Replication stress poses risks to genome stability, cell survival, and human diseases.
  • Aberrant replication forks with single-stranded DNA trigger the replication stress response.
  • The kinase ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) is central to this response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of ATR in managing replication stress.
  • To understand how ATR stabilizes and restarts stalled replication forks.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of targeting the ATR pathway for diseases related to replication stress defects.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating the molecular mechanisms of the replication stress response.
  • Analyzing the function of ATR and its downstream effectors.

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Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization
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  • Utilizing cellular and genetic models to study DNA replication dynamics.

    • Main Results:

    • The ATR kinase pathway is essential for stabilizing stalled replication forks.
    • ATR signaling prevents DNA damage and maintains genome instability.
    • Defects in replication stress response are implicated in various human diseases.

    Conclusions:

    • The ATR pathway plays a critical role in maintaining genome integrity during replication stress.
    • Targeting ATR may offer new avenues for treating diseases characterized by defective replication stress responses.
    • Further research into this pathway is vital for clinical applications.