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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Author Spotlight: Exploring the Complexities of Achilles Tendon Injuries &#8212; Research and Future Directions
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Thyroid hormones and tendon: current views and future perspectives. Concise review.

Francesco Oliva1, Anna C Berardi2, Silvia Misiti3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.

Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal
|December 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones (THs), including T3 and T4, are newly found to influence human tenocyte behavior. This research explores their potential role in tendon biology and disease.

Keywords:
T3T4rotator cuff tendonstendon tearstenocytesthyroid hormones

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Author Spotlight: Exploring the Complexities of Achilles Tendon Injuries &#8212; Research and Future Directions
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs), T3 and T4, are crucial for tissue development and metabolism.
  • Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediate THs action and are widely distributed.
  • Thyroid disorders are not typically linked to tendinopathies or tendon tears.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries on thyroid hormones (THs) T3 and T4 in tendon biology.
  • To investigate the potential role of THs in human tenocyte proliferation and apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating TRs presence in tendons.
  • Examination of research on human tenocyte behavior.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) have been identified in tendon tissues.
  • THs may play a role in regulating human tenocyte proliferation and apoptosis.
  • This suggests a potential link between thyroid hormones and tendon health.

Conclusions:

  • Recent findings challenge the traditional view of thyroid disorders and tendinopathies.
  • Thyroid hormones (THs) T3 and T4 may be significant factors in human tenocyte function.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the therapeutic implications for tendon injuries.