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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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ROS-containing endosomal compartments: implications for signaling.

A Paige Davis Volk1, Jessica G Moreland1

  • 1Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics and the Inflammation Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.

Methods in Enzymology
|January 1, 2014
PubMed
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital for cell signaling, not just byproducts. New methods are improving the detection of endosomal ROS, crucial for understanding cellular communication.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Signaling Pathways

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were once viewed as harmful cellular byproducts.
  • Emerging research highlights ROS as critical mediators of intracellular signaling.
  • The endosomal compartment is a key site for the generation of signaling ROS by NADPH oxidase (NOX).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the biological signaling functions of ROS.
  • To understand the compartment-specific generation of ROS.
  • To review methodologies and probes for detecting endogenous ROS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ROS detection.
  • Discussion of redox-sensitive probes.
  • Analysis of limitations in current ROS measurement systems.

Main Results:

  • Endosomal ROS generated by NOX play significant roles in cellular signaling.
  • Current detection and measurement systems for endogenous ROS have limitations.
  • Advancements in detection systems are rapidly emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ROS requires knowledge of redox biochemistry and ROS generation sites.
  • Endosomal ROS are increasingly recognized for their signaling roles.
  • Future developments promise enhanced capacity to study endosomal ROS signaling.