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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
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Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

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[Maintaining telomere length].

Barbara Wysoczańska1

  • 1Laboratorium Immunogenetyki Klinicznej i Farmakogenetyki Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej PAN im. L. Hirszfelda we Wrocławiu.

Postepy Higieny I Medycyny Doswiadczalnej (Online)
|January 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Telomeres protect chromosome ends, but critical shortening triggers cell senescence and instability. Reactivated telomerase and shelterin proteins are key in maintaining telomere length and preventing diseases like cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Telomeres are crucial for genome stability, protecting chromosome ends.
  • Telomere length is regulated by telomerase and recombination; critical shortening leads to senescence or instability.
  • Dysfunctional telomeres are implicated in aging, cancer, and other diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate novel mechanisms influencing telomere length regulation.
  • To investigate the role of telomere biology in bone marrow failure, hematological malignancies, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To understand the impact of telomere length on chromosomal instability and carcinogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular technologies for assessing telomere length.
  • Analysis of telomerase expression and activity.

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  • Detection of genetic and epigenetic alterations in telomere-associated genes (telomere, shelterin, telomerase).

    • Main Results:

    • Critically shortened telomeres halt cell division, inducing senescence and cell death.
    • Shortened telomeres can promote chromosomal instability, contributing to carcinogenesis.
    • Reactivation of telomerase and binding of shelterin proteins are vital for telomere protection.

    Conclusions:

    • Maintaining telomere length is critical for preventing cellular senescence and carcinogenesis.
    • Telomere biology offers insights into various disorders, including bone marrow failure and neurodegenerative diseases.
    • Targeting telomere maintenance mechanisms presents a potential therapeutic strategy for related diseases.