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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System01:28

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The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing
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The lymph self-antigen repertoire.

Cristina C Clement1, Laura Santambrogio1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY , USA.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lymphatic fluid contains peptides reflecting tissue status, acting as a source of self-antigens. These peptides, processed by various enzymes, are presented by dendritic cells, influencing immune tolerance.

Keywords:
MHC class IIantigen presentationantigen processinglymph

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Lymphatic fluid originates from interstitial fluid, mirroring tissue's molecular composition.
  • Recent proteomic studies highlight lymph's role in immunity and as a source of self-antigens.
  • Numerous peptides derived from various enzymatic pathways circulate in lymph.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the peptidome of lymphatic fluid.
  • To identify the origins and processing pathways of lymph-derived peptides.
  • To explore the implications of these peptides for immune tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomic analysis of lymphatic fluid.
  • Mapping of circulating peptides and their processing enzymes.
  • Analysis of peptide loading onto dendritic cells.

Main Results:

  • Identified a wide array of lymph-circulating peptides.
  • Determined peptides originate from diverse enzymatic degradation pathways (caspases, cathepsins, MMPs, etc.).
  • Demonstrated that these self-peptides can be loaded onto dendritic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Lymphatic fluid serves as a significant reservoir of tissue-derived self-antigens.
  • Circulating peptides in lymph contribute to the self-antigenic repertoire.
  • This process impacts central and peripheral immune tolerance mechanisms.