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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

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Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Association Between Sustained Glycated Hemoglobin Control and Healthcare Costs.

Dt Juarez1, R Goo1, S Tokumaru1

  • 1College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo.

The American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits
|January 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Achieving sustained glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c <7%) over three years in diabetes patients is linked to lower healthcare costs. While immediate reductions aren't seen, long-term control impacts overall spending.

Keywords:
diabetes mellitusglycemic controlhealth care costsquality of care

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Health Economics
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Poor glycemic control in diabetes is associated with increased healthcare utilization and costs.
  • Identifying cost-effective strategies for diabetes management is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between sustained glycemic control and healthcare expenditures in patients with diabetes and initial poor glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c ≥9%).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of administrative data from 1304 Hawai'i-based health plan members with diabetes.
  • Propensity score matching was used to create comparable cohorts.
  • Generalized linear models assessed the relationship between reduced A1c values and costs, and the impact of sustained A1c control (<7% for three years) on cost changes.

Main Results:

  • Cross-sectional analysis showed patients with A1c <7% incurred average annual costs of $14,821, compared to $12,108 for those with A1c ≥7%.
  • Patients achieving sustained A1c control (<7% for three years) experienced a $5,214 decrease in total healthcare costs compared to those without sustained control, who saw an increase of $3,006.

Conclusions:

  • Reducing hemoglobin A1c levels to target goals may not yield immediate cost savings.
  • Sustained glycemic control over a three-year period is associated with significant reductions in healthcare costs for patients with diabetes.